Meet Randall Munroe Who Answers the Ungoogleable Questions

How much physical storage space is needed to store all the data of Google? 

May be you think that it is stupid question rather than excellent, but it’s totally depends on your mind and thinking process. But if you will search this question on Google, so you will find that this question is ungoogleable as there is no specific answer for this. But Randall Munroe, who is man behind popular web comic xkcd take a stand to answer ridiculous questions.

He started with well known datacenters of Google and look for the bills of power and building plan tp estimate the standard area data storage, which could be same in new centers he found. But it’s bit difficult to find out on Google, especially then when Google didn’t want. Well Google still posts its spending reports and recruitment ads in all over the world and still there are few people who love to take the photos of data centers and when they do that, so conveniently they have GPS data embedded and this is the favorite of Randall in recent times. According to Randall, he could search for more data because “Google is very strict about organizational stuff related to companies information”. Like; to order a pizza in city where Google have data centers and later asking them from where tech people order their pizzas and it can be help full to estimate the total number of employees, he says.

According to one of the physicist and one-time NASA roboticist, these calculations are pretty straightforward when he worked on his blog; what if he will regularly answers these types of question? This idea comes in his mind five years ago when in mid-physics lecture he thought that may be interesting equation written on blackboard is not interesting. But his students do care about his blog when recently Randall published his favorite question “what if answers online, for a million of people who still visit his blog xkcd regularly to fix their geeky humor.

The more he added that I wonder that what will happen if we will swim round a nuclear reactor’s waste cooling pool, where you will get the lower dose of radiations that could have both positive or negative effects. And if you will duck your head 5 to 10 feet from the waste level so in lower surface there will be no more radiation. So according to this theory, water above nuclear waste would be the lowest radiation in the world.

But while backing to original question, what is the punch card and it will equivalent to how much data of Google? Well Randall estimated that it will about 10 exabytes or it could be 5 exabytes more for offline storage, which is 3 times more than all words which a single human can spoke ever. A single punch card can contain 80 characters and you can fit maximum 2000 cards in a box which means you need to cover whole area of New England in the US (area which covers 6 states) by punch cards.

Sandisk Crammed 200GB into a Fingernail Sized MicroSD Card

It’s unbelievable, to store too much information such as; videos, images and important files in too small space, but it’s not possible as SanDisk announced world's first 200GB microSD card at Mobile World Conference. In present we all need more space on our device and due to that most of the time we prefer to use cloud-based synchronization and storage services such as; Apple iCloud, Google Drive, Dropbox and Microsoft OneDrive to make the backup of photos and videos and also to transfer them from smartphones or tablets to a personal computer.

There' is no such things to store too much information in too small space and this is why SanDisk, which is one of the world's leading and most popular storage manufacturer launch its premium 200GB Ultra microSD XC UHS-I card whereas; before one year company was released its earth-shattering 128GB microSD card. Its 200GB microSD card is the highest capacity microSD card with 56 per cent more storage than the 128GB microSD card.

This card is able to transfer more than, 200 photos in a minute with up limit of 90 megabytes per second whereas; it can hold 20 hours of full HD (1080p) resolution videos. These 200GB microSD cards probably have more storage space than you laptop and also more than your tablet or phone. When it comes to storage capacity, so SanDisk 200GB microSD card has more storage than 13-inch MacBook Air and all the other Windows ultrabooks. It has more storage than the best capacity of iPad Air 2 and iPhone.

According to officials of SanDisk, “Our 200GB microSD card is designed for premium line of Android-based smartphones and tablets and we all know that these two devices have a microSD card slot to increase the storage capacity of device. It is expected this high capacity card will be great for those who love to capture their life movements in huge 4K-resolution or to store 4K-resolution videos as most of the high-end Android devices are supporting 4K-resolution videos and it will be another reason to capture the precious movements of life.

The good news is that it comes with temperature, shock, water, magnet and X-ray resistant capacity with an SD card adapter. If you have SanDisk's Memory Zone app on your Android device, so it will automatically transfer the photos and videos to the microSD card when storage will get tight on a smartphone or tablet. This card is perfect for dash-cams and home security systems as it has high-endurance capacity for lots of video recording. SanDisk’s 200GB microSD is designed to handle extreme temperatures and as well as low temperature freezing winters.

If your device has a capacity to take SDXC microSD card of 128GB, be positive because it can support the new one too. If you are planning to own 200GB microSD card, so you need to pay $399.99 and it will be available by the end of second quarter of 2014. It will come with two-year warranty, which will be available in the Europe, South Korea and US.

Zero Knowledge Proof

Zero Knowledge Proof- Protocol of Interactive Inputs

A zero knowledge proof, in cryptography is a system in which one prover or a party has the capability of proving to another party, that a given statement is true without the need of imparting any information besides the fact that the statement is true.

In other words, very informally, it means that a zero knowledge proof protocol enables a party known as a prover in convincing the verifier or the other party, with conviction that the statement is true, without revealing any information about his knowledge.

In the case of zero knowledge proofs of knowledge, the requirement of the protocol is interactive input from the verifier in the form of challenge or challenges like the responses from the prover which could convince the verifier only if the statement tends to be true, where the prover does not seem to have claimed knowledge which is clear in the case since the verifier could then record the execution of the protocol and also replay it to another party.

Zero Knowledge Concepts Proposed in 1980

If this tends to get accepted by the other party as proof, then the replaying party is aware of the secret information, it could mean that the protocol has leaked knowledge and it is not zero knowledge or it could be spurious which means it leads to a party accepting another party’s proof of knowledge and who does not have the actual possession of it.

The conception of `zero knowledge’ was proposed in 1980s by MIT researchers Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali and Charles Rackoff who worked on problems that were connected to interactive proof system, a theoretical system wherein first party known as prover exchanged messages with second party known as verifier in order to convince the verifier on some mathematical statement as the truth,The specific concern raised was about the leakage of information.

 In the simple sense, zero knowledge proofs are evidence which yield nothing other than the validity of the assertion which is, a verifier has proof that gains conviction with regards tothe validity of the assertion and this is expressed by stating that anything which is feasibly computable from the point of zero knowledge proof could also be feasibly computable from the assertion point of view.

Basic Definitions/ Properties 

Some of the basic definition on variants comprise of universal and black-box simulations, consideration of auxiliary inputs, the level of similarity needed of the stimulation and restricting attention to honest verifiers. It is also a known fact, that zero knowledge proofs prevail for any NP-sets, if one way functions tend to exist resulting in a powerful tool in the design of cryptographic protocols since it compelsparties to behave as per a predetermined protocol which is, the protocol requires the parties to have zero knowledge proofs on the accuracy of their secret based activity without the need of any revelations. Three properties need to be fulfilled in the case of zero knowledge proof which is –

Completeness – When the statement is true, the honest verifier, the one who follows protocol in a proper manner, will be convinced of the fact by the honest prover.

Soundness – When the statement tends to be false, no cheating prover should convince the honest verifier stating that it is true, with the exception of some small probability.

Lastly, Zero knowledge – When the statement seems to be true, no cheating verifier gets to learn anything besides the fact and is formalized by showing that a cheating verifier has some simulate which provides only the statement to be proved could produce a transcript which is similar to an interaction between the honest prover and the cheating verifier

“Shopping cart” Patent Beaten by Newegg Comes Back To Court, Loses Again

Now patent troll will not get any more money from Victoria's Secret, Avon or others. During last congress, one of the patent reforms comes in spotlight and this patent was the patent of “online shopping cart”. In Congressional hearings the issue comes in spotlight, but till that time the shopping cart patent was dead as its owner, Soverain Software was beaten by Newegg, which is one of the retailers. Newegg won an appellate ruling while validating its patents and by throwing out more than $2.5 million jury verdict against it.

This ruling wiped out the biggest win of Soverain, which was the verdict against Victoria's Secret and Avon in 2011 and for that companies have ordered to pay almost more than $18 million with a "running royalty" of about 1 per cent to infringing the same patents over again.

Most of the apparel companies have been able to coast on the same legal platform with the win of Newegg, whereas; on the other side instead of admitting a defeat, Soverain have hired more law firms to file the appeal by Avon and Victoria's Secret. Before some days, a panel of judges in U.S. Court overturned the win of Soverain and re-affirmed the final decision that now "shopping cart" patent and its other patent for e-commerce, were invalid.

In general, whenever a patent-holder loses, then because of longstanding legal rules they wouldn't proceed with outstanding appeals to prevent the other parties from re-litigating the same case in different courts. However Soverain argued on the issue and stated that these rules shouldn’t apply as; Soverain hadn’t a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in courts.

It is true that East Texas jury has found that it is in the favor of Soverain's, but they didn’t address the issue that whether patents were obvious or not? But Soverain itself stopped the East Texas jury from considering the issue. The company, who was holding the patent, filed a complaint by arguing that its patents were non-obvious and it’s a matter of law, so the decision of district court will be final. But Newegg raise the issue again and apparently it was great surprise of win for Soverain.


Soverain stated that it would have raised certain different or additional arguments for appeal if it had known that these particular courts might reverse the district court on invalidity rather than only granting a new trial. Soverain argued that its shopping cart patent was special because it used to identify the product, whereas; the concept of product identifiers weren’t present in CompuServe Mall’s prior art technology, which knocked out Soverain's patent.

But the referred court noted that Soverain didn’t talk about the fact of product identifiers in Newegg case and this can be the reason for Soverain loss. However, Avon declined any official comment whereas; Victoria's Secret didn't respond immediately. A spokesperson from Soverain told Ars, that we respectively disagree with the court’s decision and do not feel that it was justice.

5 Simple Tips to Avoid Getting Scammed In 2015

Criminals and computer hackers in all over the world are active; they are working round the clock to steal your personal information as well as money. There is nothing which you can do, but with few simple precautions you can reduce the risk because life in digital age doesn’t come with undo button and your small mistake can crook your Social Security number.

• Use credit cards for online shopping: 

A credit card provides you better fraud protection than debit card and net banking as credit cards follow the different federal rules. If you are using credit cards, so you can dispute an unauthorized charge and later credit card company have to take charge off your bill after doing the investigation, which is not possible if you are using debit card. You can also dispute the charges of a credit card if the merchandise doesn’t arrive or if you have got the defective material. Whereas; some people afraid to use a credit card for online shopping, but this is for what credit card are meant to be. If there is any kind of problem, so it’s a job of credit card companies to deal with it.


• Protect your personal information:

Hacker have variety of tools and techniques to get your account numbers and passwords such as; bogus emails designed to look like authentic e-mails from banks, key-loggers, phishing and more. There are always reasons why they need your personal information, but you shouldn’t forget that your Social Security number is the key to your tension free life because a hacker can use it to steal money or your personal identity. Social Security numbers are essential for financial and medical records, so it is recommended to guard it.


• Never download unknown attachment or click on suspicious links:

It’s easy to click on a certain link which is in text mail or on social media post, but it is recommended to never open such links which are calming as shipping invoice or some other document calming certain lucky draw. Fraudsters are ready to count on your curiosity and your instant response can end-up with an installation of malicious software onto computers and smartphones.


• Take your time:

Never make your purchase in rush as it can lead you towards fraud. Never fall in love with “buy-now-or-else because sometimes hackers use this trick to compromise your financial details. So before taking any final check-out makes sure you are doing shopping or purchase from authentic platform.



•  Don’t be fooled by e-mails of free prize or free merchandise or money back guarantees: 

Never pay for playing in contest, which claims billion of dollars in prize. If the contest is authentic, so you don’t have to buy anything or pay any amount of money to get your prize. Free is good, but nothing comes in free especially when you are living in this meaning full world. The initial product may be free, but the other attached products can end your purchase with heavy bills and this is the technique through which most of the e-commerce companies are making a real profit.